Evaluation of our Art & Today Falcilitator Role

Rebecca and I prepared for our discussion facilitator role with the idea of creating a critical dialog among our peers and I believe we did an effective job. Our chapter was Art Nature and Technology. We organized our discussion by posing a question to each other and to the group that stimulated conversation. I definitely feel we hit all the salient points as we created an outline to guide us through the chapter and intermingled the extra reading within the main points from the book. The chapter was much more about technology than I had originally anticipated. I was leary about this at first but found the class had an overwhelming amount to say about this subject. Interest was especially piqued by transhumanism. I found the class extremely involved and needed to stear the conversation back around a few times to be able to get through all the points we wanted to cover. I learned how to move through the fear of leading the conversation and was enriched by all the other pionts of view arond the room.

Art & Audience

Artists take part in a performance by Surasi Kusolwong of Thailand during the "It's simply beautiful" exhibition at the Center for the Arts and Industrial Creation in Gijon, northern Spain, July 27, 2007.

Photos of Cynthia Hopkins by Paula Court

from "The Truth: A Tragedy"

Rirkrit Tiravanija, Exhibition View, Secession 2002



Gas station owner recites James Joyce in Harrell Fletcher's "Blot Out The Sun," 2002





Carsten Holler's Test Site at Tate Modern


Pg 392, Heartney refers to early twentieth-century British critic Roger Fry as expressing that the Artist should be thought of as the transmitter, the art object the medium and the spectator the receiver of the meaning of a work of art. " In essence," Heartney says, "the viewer's task was simply to clear away any messy static inhibiting clear reception of the artists ideas." but by the end of the 20th century, the role of the viewer was to complete the work--

Can a piece really be completed by the audience? Is it not already completed in the mind of the artist? What role does perception play?

Are art projects created in the spirit of community activism really art?

How does gift sculpture create interplay with the artist and viewer in the artwork? What is the outcome?

Art & Spirituality

Yves Klein, Cosmogonie, 1960

Watercolor, leaf, and twig print

Yves Klein immersed himself in the reading of Max Heindel's Cosmogonie des Rose-Croix and himself wrote of and created images that reflect his interest in emanation, enveloping atmospheres, invisible radiance, ecstasy, the abolition of movement, and the vaporization of the self (from Yves-Alain Bois, Klein's Relevance for Today).

See more Cosmogonies ....

*Image from Ein Bildhandbuch: Staatliche Graphische Sammlung Munchen, 2002

Ivan Kliun, Red Light, Sherical Composition, 1923



Wassily Kandinsky. Several Circles. 1926. Oil on canvas. 140 x 140 cm. The Solomon R. Guggebheim Museum, New York, NY, USA.




Francis Alys, When Faith Moves Mountains, 2002


Anish Kapoor
Blackness from Her Womb
2001

Can we ever really separate art and spirituality? Would we really want to. For me spirituality is the essence of why I make art-- trying to have a deeper connection/ understanding of self related to the whole-- the bigger picture is what motivates me..

pg 266, Heartney is saying that religious imagery held sway until the birth of modernism in the late 19th century-- the alliance of western art and religion fell to pieces because of identification with organized religion with reactionary and authoritarian forces that were being overthrown everywhere-- so out with the old orthodox system, but still creating rhetoric of transcendence and spirituality, creating a vision of art as a sacred practice unto itself.
This is the point of entry when the thought of displacing the spiritual experience through religion changed to experiencing spirituality as an individual level. Have artists really ever been separate from the individual experience of spirituality? relating to my question above, Are we not always trying to search for the answers of who we are through making art?

The freedom artist felt with the split from religion led to abstraction-- Is abstract art the way to a spiritual experience through color and form?

Do artists like Trenton Doyle Hancock who have a deeply rooted background in organized religion have a better chance of transcendence through their practice?

RB Kitaj and Archie Brand use colors that remind me of Kandinsky's color choices-- Is color a way to express spirituality?

Heartney says on pd 281 that for many artists, like Boonma and Mendieta, religious traditions serve as vehicles for spiritual exploration. Is this a form of homage or just a toolbox used to express this exploration?





Questions from Lili:
Eleanor Heartney starts her chapter on Art and Spirituality discussing the split between art and religion in the late nineteenth century.

Is there a difference between spirituality and religion? How do you define spirituality? How do you define religion?
Yes! What I discovered through the readings is that a bucking of the authoritarian systems of organized religion led to a spiritual awakening on an individual level-- Abstraction is a direct result of this chasm.
Spirituality is a deep connection to understanding self and religion is a fear based institution.


Do art and spirituality ask the same fundamental philosophical questions (i.e. why are we here, what is the meaning of life, do we have a purpose) and is the truth they are seeking the same truth? Is it possible for art and the artistic process to be split from spirituality?

These are fundamental questions I have been asking myself and I really do believe art, art-making and spirituality and interconnected asking the same questions and the truth is the same truth-- I do not think they truly can be split-- if one thinks they can there is a layer of illusion present.

Religious symbols are a powerful statement when used artistically. Do they take the viewer out of the work and back into the world, as Kandinsky proclaims, and prevent the viewer from finding the inner truth in the work? I am not sure-- I can relate to Kandinsky's conversations about how color like yellow draws you away from center and blue takes you toward center.

Can the inner spirit, or soul, or consciousness or truth be manifested in the artwork without resorting to the use of the symbols and beauty, etc of the material world? If so, how? Could someone answer this for me?!?!?! I have been grappling with these issues in my own work

Can a work of art transport the viewer into a spiritually altered state of consciousness? Kandinsky writes about a spiritual vibration that comes through the work and becomes the inner value of the work. Is there such thing? YES! Maybe not all will experience it but I believe it is so.

“The work of art is born of the artist in a mysterious and secretive way. From him it gains life and being. Nor is its existence casual and inconsequential, but it has a definite and purposeful strength, alike in its material and spiritual life. It exists and has the power to create spiritual atmosphere; and from this inner standpoint one judges whether it is a good work of art or a bad one.” Can an artwork be judged based on its ability to ‘speak to the soul’ as Kandinsky writes? In my humble opinion-- for me, this speaking to the soul is the primary reason for viewing art.

Can making a work of art transport the artist into a spiritually altered state of consciousness? Can the work portray the spiritual journey of the artist to the viewer on a spiritual level? One can hope.

How does Kandinsky’s essay relate to Walter Benjamin’s article read earlier in the semester called Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction and his theories on whether art has an aura?

Is consciousness the same as spirituality? The same as the soul?

AWESOME ARTICLE for your reading pleasure... Spirituality in Abstract Art "Art is the daughter of the divine," contended philosopher Rudolf Steiner in the 1920s. Most art 1overs today would assume that Steiner was referring to a pre-20th-century past. True, art was once the daughter of the divine, they might say. But in the 20th century the once-dutiful daughter has struck out on her own, ignoring her religious heritage (indeed, ignoring religious subject matter altogether) and turned her attention to form. Abstract art is a purely aesthetic activity. Certainly in the late 20th century, it is rarely associated with religion. However, in recent years this story of abstract art has begun to undergo revision. Art critics have discovered that for many artists, abstraction is a way not to express emptiness but to communicate particular ideals. A number of major exhibitions exploring the roots of abstract art have emphasized artists’ utopian hopes bred by the industrial revolution, or their revolutionary political thought, or their revival of primitivism out of a dissatisfaction with the modern world. The latest of these exhibitions appeared in Los Angeles and Chicago during the first six months of this year: "The Spiritual in Art: Abstract Painting 1890-1985." (It is on view at the Gemeetemuseum in the Hague from September 1 through November 22.) While the exhibition leaves intact the notion that the "daughter of the divine" has indeed struck out on her own, it offers an intriguing challenge to the widespread belief that she has altogether abandoned her spiritual focus. Rather, like many adventurous spirits through history, and a fair number of seekers during our own age, she has shunned traditional religious expression in favor of esoteric aspects of spiritual life. For those able to accept a broad definition of the word "spiritual" -- one that encompasses elements of the mystical, the gnostic, Eastern religions and the occult, and has few, if any, discernible connections with the Hebrew or Christian Scriptures -- abstract art might be approached as a doorway to the symbolism of modern culture’s spiritual underground. In any case, the arguments advanced by exhibit curator Maurice Tuchman and others in the exhibition catalogue (copublished by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and Abbeville Press, New York) deepen our appreciation not only of abstract art but of a little-understood aspect of the religious temper of our times. To understand the daughter’s journey, it is helpful to recall the break with traditional religious art that took place in the Romantic period. Friedrich Schleiermacher gave theological impetus to highly privatized religious forms with his Romantic insistence that inner piety is more important than outer forms. "Indeed," argues Robert Rosenblum in Modem Painting and the Northern Romantic Tradition: Friedrich to Rothko (Harper & Row, 1975) , "Schleiermacher’s theological search for divinity outside the trappings of the Church lies at the core of many a Romantic artist’s dilemma: how to express experiences of the spiritual, of the transcendental, without having recourse to such traditional themes as the adoration, the Crucifixion, the Resurrection, the Ascension, whose vitality, in the Age of Enlightenment, was constantly being sapped." Rosenblum, an art historian invoked in one of the catalogue essays, was among the first scholars to assert that abstract art, far from representing a neat break with representational art, is actually part of a Romantic tradition reflected in northern European artists like Caspar David Friedrich and Joseph M. Turner, who infused landscape paintings with a "sense of divinity." Abstract artists faced the same problem as the earlier Romantics, he said: "how to find, in a secular world, a convincing means of expressing those religious experiences that, before the Romantics, had been channeled into the traditional themes of Christian art." According to art historian Charlotte Douglas, the shift to abstract art in the early 20th century was prompted by a need for new dimensions of consciousness, forms suited "to serve as a passport to and report from" the so-called higher realms. Esoteric cousins of theosophy that attracted the artists featured in the exhibition include Rosicrucianism, alchemy, Tantrism, cabalism and Hermeticism. The writings of psychiatrist Carl Jung, who was himself interested in alchemy, parapsychology and the occult, were a favorite of some artists. Others favored Jacob Boehme, the 16th-century Lutheran shoemaker who combined Neo-platonism, the Jewish Cabala and Hermetic writings and the Bible in explaining his experiences of God. Still other artists made use of symbols from medieval legends, Hinduism, Zen Buddhism, the religion of American Indians, the teachings of G. I. Gurdjieff and the works of medieval Christian mystics such as Meister Eckhart, John of Ruysbroeck and Richard Rolle. That theosophy and other types of occult and mystical thought have influenced abstract artists is supplemented in the show by 125 books by theosophers, philosophers and mystics whose images and ideas also appear in the tradition of abstract art. The argument for the relationship begins with four artists generally viewed as pioneer abstractionists, all of whom are shown to have been steeped in spiritual concerns. Piet Mondrian, the Dutch painter best know for his abstract gridwork of interlocking perpendicular black lines and enclosing squares of red and yellow, was an avid reader of theosophy, who once said he learned everything he knew from Madame Blavatsky He joined the Dutch Theosophical Society in 1909, about the same time that his work began its gradual evolution toward the abstract. The shift was heralded in his landscapes: wide expanses of beach and sea; forest scenes that highlight the vertical thrust of trees from a horizontal expanse of earth. Mondrian’s preoccupation with the tension between vertical and horizontal was later depicted in the haunting abstract cruciform patterns that would become his trademark. One critic has said that given the antisocial attitudes apparently underlying abstract works, a viewer unfamiliar with Mondrian’s personal religious quest might associate his grids with jail bars. But according to Mondrian’s own notebooks, the patterns represent the struggle toward unity of cosmic dualities and the religious symmetry undergirding the material universe. A strong believer in the theosophical doctrine of human evolution from a lower, materialistic stage toward spirituality and higher insight, Mondrian wrote that the hallmark of the New Age would be the "new man" who "can live only in the atmosphere of the universal." For Wassily Kandinsky, the religious themes implicit in his paintings are made explicit in Concerning the Spiritual in Art, a little book he wrote in 1910, the year he did his first abstract painting. Kandinsky, like many abstract artists, saw himself as a spiritual as well as an aesthetic pioneer. Like Mondrian, Kandinsky was versed in theosophy, and felt that abstraction was the best means available to artists for depicting an unseen realm. With near-messianic fervor, Kandinsky announced that the type of painting he envisioned would advance the new "spiritual epoch." In his book he describes the spiritual realm as a triangle in upward motion. At its apex stands a man whose vision points the way; within are artists, who are "prophets," providing "spiritual food." Familiarity with this theory is all but crucial to understanding a painting like Kandinsky’s "Variegation in the Triangle." This 1927 work consists of an obtuse triangle set against a background of dense clouds that seem to be in motion. At the apex of the triangle is a circle, a symbol of wholeness and unity in much mystical thought, and within the triangle are circles connected by straight lines, likely representing the artist-prophets. Two other pioneers, Frantisek Kupka, a Czech, and Kasimir Malevitch, a Russian who in 1914 and 1915 exhibited a series of squares on plain backgrounds, were also avid readers of theosophy and other metaphysical works. Kupka studied Greek, German and Oriental philosophy, along with a variety of theosophical texts. Douglas writes that the aesthetics of Malevich and his circle "resulted from a unified world view that encompassed all dichotomies; for them science and Eastern mystical ideas were seamlessly joined in a conceptual continuum, and knowledge of the world might be obtained by beginning at any point." Tuchman stresses that it was not just the founders of abstract art who were interested in spiritual investigations. "Abstraction’s emergence throughout the 20th century was continually nourished by elements from the common pool of mystical ideas." What artists found appealing about the various arcane religious and philosophical systems was their underlying premise that the spiritual world is governed by laws that mirror natural laws and that can be expressed in symbols. The idea is akin to Ralph Waldo Emerson’s notion that every appearance in nature corresponds to some state of mind. Geometric forms are thus paradigms of spiritual evolution. The spiritua1 world, like the natural world, is charged with energy, producing cosmic vibrations and human auras. The spiritual principles that intrigued certain artists included synesthesia, the overlap between the senses by which a painting can simulate music; duality, the idea that the cosmos reflects an underlying principle of yin and yang; and so-called "sacred geometry," the belief that, as Plato put it, "God geometricizes." Against this background, the works take on new meanings. For example, the Russian Ivan Kliun’s work titled "Red Light, Spherical Composition," which portrays a hazy red-orange sphere against a black background, bears a striking resemblance to Fludd’ s mandalas. Yves Klein’s "Cosmogony" is a canvas covered with blue, red and black circles that seem to be in movement, as if engaged in a cosmic dance. The works of Marsden Hartley (1877-1943) , an early American abstractionist who was an avid reader of Christian mystics, combine symbols from traditional Christianity and the occult. Hartley once said that it was "out of the heat of his reading" of the mystics that he began his works. In "The Transference of Richard Rolle" (1932-33) Hartley pays tribute to that 14th-century English mystic. The painting is of a cloud, set against a deep blue sky and hovering over a barren red-rock landscape. The cloud is imprinted with a yellow triangle enclosing Rolle’s monogram, suggesting transcendence within the Trinity. And the use of American Indian pictography by Jackson Pollock and others indicates the interest in the 1930s and ‘40s in the vitality and spirituality of Indian culture. As the century wore on, some artists abandoned the search for iconography and turned to more radical abstraction. Viewing the exhibit, I found it especially fascinating to ponder some of the purer abstract works -- such as the rich, dark, imageless canvases of Barnett Newman and Mark Rothko -- in relation to the apophatic tradition in Christian mysticism. Masters of that tradition, sometimes called the via negativa, choose words like nothingness, darkness and obscurity to symbolize God, the wholly other Absolute who is unknowable by means of the intellect but approachable through love. Newman’s and Rothkos somber, borderless canvases suggest deep silence and infinite void, yet somehow, too, evoke a sense of presence and mystery. Newman, an American who died in 1970, made no attempt to hide his spiritual interests. In 1943 he wrote, "The painter is concerned . . . with the presentation into the world mystery. His imagination is therefore attempting to dig into metaphysical secrets. To that extent, his art is concerned with the sublime. It is a religious art which through symbols will catch the basic truth of life." For many Christians, the theme of the show is sure to be problematic, perhaps rightly so. Scrutiny of the artists’ sources reveals a deep immersion in multiple forms of Neoplatonic spirituality -- a spiritual pursuit that has accompanied Christianity from the time of Irenaeus, who thundered against the gnostics in the second century, to the present, a time in which ultraconservative Christians view the occult as a direct manifestation of evil spirits. The dangers of a spirituality divorced from the disciplines and dogmas of established religion have always been clear to Christian leaders. One is reminded of St. Paul’s admonition to "test the spirits." On the other hand, this reading of abstract art offers yet more evidence that the religious landscape has undergone radical shifts. In their new book American Mainline Religion: Its Changing Shape and Future (Rutgers University Press, 1987). Wade Clark Roof and William McKinney note that traditional Christian symbols can no longer be relied on to forge a synthesis of religion and culture. They cite a need for a new mode of synthesis, one suited to a post-Protestant age. Seeing the connection between abstract art and spiritual exploration is sure to contribute to a better understanding of the metaphysical quests taking place on the fringes of our culture. Though these quests undoubtedly are alien to many, they are rooted in intellectual currents that arose more than a century ago and have never disappeared.

Art & Its Institution

Julia Scher - always there-surveillance bed, 2000

Janine Antoni, Loving Care, 1993

The End(s) of the Museum includes work by fourteen artists. Some of them have created work especially for this exhibit, others are showing previous work relevant to the questions raised by the exhibition.

In her series Last Seen..., Sophie Calle creates a poetic remembrance of a famous crime: the theft in 1990 from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston of five drawings by Degas, a vase, a Napoleonic eagle, and six paintings by Rembrandt, Flinck, Manet, and Vermeer. Gardner's stipulation in her will that the arrangement of the galleries remain fixed ensures that a sense of loss remains a permanent fixture of the museum. Calle interviewed curators, guards, and other staff members, asking them to describe the absent works; their varied responses are displayed as a counterpart to photographs of the labels, empty pedestals, and bare wall hooks left behind after the theft. Sophie Calle. Last Seen... (Vermeer, The Concert). 1991. Ektachrome print and text, 66 3/4 x 50 7/8" (169.5 x 129.2 cm); text 34 x 30 11/16" (86 x 77.9 cm). Collection The Bohen Foundation, New York. Photo: courtesy the artist

TITLE: Girl with Dolphin and Monkey (The Whitney Museum of American Art 75th Anniversary Photography Portfolio)

ARTIST: Jeff Koons

WORK DATE: 2006

CATEGORY: Photographs

MATERIALS: Chromogenic crystal archive print

EDITION/SET OF: 25

MARKINGS: Signed and numbered

SIZE: Image size: 25.5 x 37.25" / 64.8 x 94.5" (paper size: 30 x 40 “ / 75 x 100 cm)

STYLE: Contemporary (ca. 1945-present)

PRICE*: Contact Gallery for Price

GALLERY: Carolina Nitsch Contemporary Art (212) 645 2030 Send Email

DESCRIPTION: From a suite of four photographs in a custom made cloth covered box, published by Carolina Nitsch for the Whitney Museum of American Art 75th Anniversary Photo Portfolio

ONLINE CATALOGUE(S): The Whitney Museum of American Art 75th Anniversary Photography Portfolio Carolina Nitsch Contemporary Art Inventory Catalogue

Barbara Kruger, Untitled (Your Comfort is My Silence), 1981

pg 349, Kruger embraced the commercial side of art, noting, " I wanted them (my art works) to enter the marketplace because I began to understand that outside the marketplace there is nothing- not a piece of lint, a cardigan, a human being."


Jeff Koons says, "The market is the critic now."





How do we view the Institution of the Museum today?

I view it as a place that I can go to see a presentation of what critics and art world players want to show me as the "cream of the crop" of art work that is being made past and present.
-Heartney says on pg 347, "Artists have taken aim particularly at museums, those loftl establishments that serve as gatekeepers, deciding which artists will go down in art history and which will not. -- also see futurist manifesto-- funny.

2. What strategies do artists use to expose corruption within the museum?

according to Heartsley, pg 350, artists dig into museum collections, creating arrangemants of objects that underscore the social and political agendas underlying patterns of patronage and collection. others deflate curatorial pretensions with pseudo-exhibitions that mack the practices of that profession. Artists may appropriate and reinvent the apparatus by which art is presented to the public, Or it may document the way in which art is presented, revealing the artifice at work in supposedly "neutral" presentations of art and other museum artifacts.

Also, Moma had a show in 1999 called "Museum as Muse" which allowed artists to make an axibition about the museum--


The Museum as Muse: Artists Reeflect ... blurb follows-- interesting!

Marcel Duchamp. L.H.O.O.Q. 1919. Photographic reproduction and pencil, 7 3/4 x 4 7/8" (19.6 x 12.3 cm). Private collection ©Succession Marcel Duchamp 1999, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ ADAGP, Paris, 1999. The public museum, since its founding in the late eighteenth century, has enjoyed a complex, interdependent, and ever-changing relationship with the artist. This Web site was created to accompany the exhibition The Museum as Muse: Artists Reflect, which explores this rich and varied relationship through a broad-based, international survey of works about museums and their practices and policies. Focusing on the postwar period, the exhibition also features earlier artists such as American painter Charles Willson Peale, several nineteenth-century photographers, and Russian Constructivist El Lissitzky. The artists in The Museum as Muse: Artists Reflect have studied nearly every aspect of museums--from their curatorial and administrative policies, to their exhibition strategies and priorities, to their fund-raising practices--using a range of mediums, including painting, sculpture, photography, installation, audio, video, and performance art, to frame their critiques. Many have appropriated aspects of museum practice as a conceptual or formal strategy, and some have even constructed their own personal museums. The word museum stems from the Greek museion, meaning "house of the muses," the nine goddesses of creative inspiration. During the twentieth century, the museum has expanded its function as a home or repository for the arts to become a locus for artistic inspiration and activity.

Do you feel there is a corruption within that system? Why or why not?

I am sure there is but I usually don't think about it much-- just more negativity to cloud my vision. I think there is because there is corruption on every level of every situation in life from the bottom on up-- that is just the way it is.

How does the museum play a role in your own life? What was positive or negative in that experience?

Living in NY for the past 16 years, they have played a huge role. I must admit a large enjoyment factor. I go to museums as an event, a pleasurable outing to enjoy an evening or afternoon out. For years, I go to the Moma when it's free on Friday nights and enjoy music in the garden during the summer concert series, and the same at the guggenheim I have not once thought about corruption of that side of things-- I usually experience the moment there and make judgement calls on what I liked or didn't like.

What alternatives do artists have to the traditional avenue of the museum if any?
Well-- like what we're doing for our show to benifit Doctor's with out borders-- The pop up shop-- get a group of friends together and have a show anywhere anytime-- studio shows-- wealthy friends hosting an evening celebrating your work- The museum is soo far removed from my world-- I only know guerilla style showing and the occasional group gallery show... sad but true.

What does the institution serve & in what way?
What? or Whom maybe? It serves the public on a grand scale. It serves people. It is a place that can bring art to the masses and give anyone a chance to participate.

Art & Globalization

Yinka Shonibare in collaboration with The Fabric Workshop and Museum, Space Walk(detail), 2002. Fiberglass, silkscreen print on cotton sateen and cotton brocade, and plastic. Installation dimensions variable. Photo: Aaron Igler.


Do- Ho- Suh, Cause and Effect, 2007

Adeela Suleman

Feroza (Turquoise)
2005, reproduced in 2008
Cooking utensil, spoons, jar, powder coating & enamel paint; inside padded with foam & cloth
H. 18 x W. 10 x D. 10 in. (48.3 x 25.4 x 25.4 cm)
Collection of the artist
Photograph by Artists Documentation, courtesy of the artist

Alighiero e Boetti Aerei 1978 © DACS, London 2007





One of the most popular projects of the documenta 11 exhibition . . .

. . was that of the Swiss artist Hirschhorn in the Northern part of the city, that is traditionally a social focus with a high rate of unemployment. Hirschhorn used second hand products, old wood and a lot of parcels tape for the . . .

. . . the installation of a temporary café, library, television studio and the monument in the centre of the old working class estate. A lot of unemployed youngsters, many of them with Turkish roots, found a job there during the time of the exhibition.


What is the difference between globalism and globalization?

Globalism is the attitude or policy of placing the interests of the entire world above those of individual nations.^[1] Political scientist Joseph Nye, co-founder of the international relations theory of neoliberalism, argues that globalism refers to any description and explanation of a world which is characterized by networks of connections that span multi-continental distances; while globalization refers to the increase or decline in the degree of globalism.^[2] Globalism may be contrasted with individualism, localism, nationalism, regionalism or internationalism.

Globalization (or globalisation) describes a process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and trade. The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.^[1] However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural, political, and biological factors.^[2] The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture through acculturation.

In Art and Today Pg 292, heartney talks about globalism, saying one facet is the proliferation of the International Biennials and art shows after the cold wars end, and also technology leveling the playing field with easier and instant communication globally.

Globalisms proponents see it as:

PROS- a counterbalance to nationalism
-opens new movements
-starting unprecidented economic opportunities
-reveals diversity of cultural expression
-as Thomas Freidman puts it in his book, The World is Flat, the convergience of technology and -geopolitical developments has broken down barriers to international compotitions that once -favored the U. S. and Europe over India and China.

CONS -increased disparity between rich and poor nations
-favor cultural synthesis
-pg 292, Noam Chomsky says that institutions such as International Monetary Fund and World Bank are "ploys to cement the privileges of the dominant corporate elite.
-pg 292, Centralized $ and power is undemocratic, shifting resources, jobs away from the needs of theindividual, to serve interests of multinational corp., generating intense poverty among globalisms losers

How does globalism shape the identity of the western art world?
It levels the playing field. Our identity becomes more homoginized by the influx of art and artist from all over the globe

How does globalism affect the inclusion of women artists?
It allows for more women to be included, especially from countries that are not as rich as ours

Is globalism a freeing up of art venues or an invitation to more competition between the established art institutions? More competition and a freeing up of other art venues both. With the whole world as a format for showing and celebration of works by myriads of artists, both are happening.

How does glabalism effect your point of entry into the art world? It should make it more competition for me but I don't think it will effect me until I already have entered the art world

Art & Nature (Presenter)

Review Criteria

When researching art reviews in Art in America, Art Forum, Ceramics Monthly, and American Craft, I found some common criteria relating to subject, object, form and content. Based on my research I developed my own criteria as follows:

1.Begin with an introduction of the artist or the venue or the work being reviewed.

2. Develop a thread for my reader to follow throughout my review.

3. Consider the Artist's intention as best I could while giving my reaction.

4. Is the work visually compelling and thought-provoking?

5. What was the connection of the works to the bigger whole/ theme of the show?

6. What were the reactions of other viewers at the show?
7. Tie the writing together in a conclusion with an overall critique of the show being a success or failure and why.